Á¦  ¸ñ :   DMÀÇ º´ÀÎ-ºÐ·ù

1.DM ºÐ·ù Tab 333-1


1) type 1 DM(¥â cell destruction)  :A= immune-mediated B= idiopathic
2) type 2 DM: predominantly insulin resistance with relatively insulin deficiency :predominantly insulin deficiency with relatively insulin resistance
3) other specific types : #MODY(û¼Ò³âÀǼº¼÷±â´ç´¢º´:Maturity onset Diabetes of the young), #endocrinopathy... cf. Endocrinopahy: acromegaly, cushing''s syndrome, glucagonoma, pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism, somatostatinoma, aldosteronism
# Gestational DM
¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ Àӽſ©¼ºÀÇ 4%¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¸ç ´ëºÎºÐ ºÐ¸¸ÈÄ Á¤»ó glucose tolerance¸¦ ȸº¹ÇÑ´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡ ´ç´¢º´ ¹ß»ý°¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù(30-60%). 24-28ÁÖ¿¡ screening(50g OGTT 1hr>140mg/dL)ÇÏ¿© ¾ç¼ºÀ¸·Î ³ª¿À¸é 100g OGTT½ÃÇà : fasting 105 mg/dL, 1h 190 mg/dL, 2h 165 mg/dL, 3h 145 mg/dLÁß 2°³ ÀÌ»óÀ̸é Áø´ÜµÊ.


2. Áø´Ü Tab 333-2
i) FPG(mg/dL) <110 : nomal  110-125 : IFG   ¡Ã126 : DM @ÃÖ±Ù ±âÁØ : fasting 80-99 normal, 100-119 IFG over120 DM
ii) plasma glucose(2hr): <140 : normal  140-200 : IGT   ¡Ã200 : DM
** IFG¿Í IGT µÑ´Ù type 2 DM¹ß»ý À§Ç輺ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç cardiovascular ds¹ß»ý À§Ç輺ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.


3. Insulin biosynthesis, secretion, and action(Tab 333-3, 333-4 ÂüÁ¶)


4. º´ÀÎ


1) type 1 DM (Fig 333-5) :genetic, environmental, and immunologic factorÀÇ synergistic effect¿¡ ÀÇÇØ pancreatic ¥â cellÀÌ Æı«µÊÀ¸·Î½á ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù.
-- genetic susceptibility°¡ ÀÖ´ø »ç¶÷ÀÌ Ãâ»ý½Ã¿¡´Â Á¤»ó ¥â cell mass¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ infection or environmental stimulus¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À¯¹ßµÈ autoimmune process¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¥â cell loss °¡ ÀϾ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. triggering event°¡ ÀϾ ÈÄ¿¡ ´ëºÎºÐ immunologic marker°¡ ³ªÅ¸ ³­´Ù. ¥â cellÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐ(¡­80%)ÀÌ Æı«µÉ ¶§±îÁö ´ç´¢º´ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡Àº ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸ 20% Á¤µµ ³²Àº ¥âcellÀÌ glucose tolerance¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϱ⿣ ºÒÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù. À̶§ insulin ¿ä±¸·®À» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°´Â event(infection or puberty)°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é Çö¼º ´ç´¢º´ÀÌ »ý±â°Ô µÈ´Ù. type 1A DMÀÌ »ý±äÈÄ "honeymoon" phase°¡ µÚµû¶ó ¿ÀÁö¸¸ °á±¹Àº insulinÀÌ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ °í°¥µÇ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
¨ç genetic considerations
type 1A DMÀÇ concordance : 30-40% ÀÌ´Â ´ç´¢º´ ¹ß»ý¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ ÀÎÀÚ°¡ °ü¿©ÇÔÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.
* major susceptibility for type 1A DM : HLA region on chromosome 6 -> class II MHC molecules encode -> helper T cell¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ag¹ßÇö -> immune response½ÃÀÛ
type 1A DMȯÀÚ ´ëºÎºÐ HLA DR3 and/or DR4 haplotypeÀÌ ¾ç¼ºÀÌ´Ù.
##DQA1, B1 : strongest association with type 1A DM = type 1A DM ¾î¸°ÀÌÀÇ 40%¿¡¼­ Á¸Àç
Á¤»ó ¹Ì±¹Àο¡¼­´Â 2%¿¡¼­¸¸ Á¸Àç ºñ·Ï type 1A DMÀÌ Æ¯Á¤ genotype°ú ºÐ¸í °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸³ª ÀÌ·± haplotypeÀ» °®´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡¼­ ´ç´¢º´ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. type 1A DMȯÀÚ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ 1ÃÌ Á÷°è°¡Á·¿¡¼­ ´ç´¢º´Àº ¾ø´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ä£Ã´ÀÇ type 1A DM¹ß»ý À§ÇèÀº ÀϹÝÀκ¸´Ù´Â ÈξÀ ³ô´Ù.
¨è autoimmune factors
´ç´¢º´ ȯÀÚÀÇ ÃéÀåÁ¶Á÷À» º¸¸é pancreatic islet cell¿¡ lymphocyte infiltration(=insulitis) µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. insulitis¿Í autoimmune process¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº immune systemÀÇ humoral & cellular armÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.
i) islet cell autoAb
ii) islet, peripancreatic LN, systemic circulation¿¡¼­ lymphocyte activation
iii) islet proteinÀ¸·Î ÀÚ±ØÇÒ ¶§ Áõ½ÄÇÏ´Â T lymphocyte
iv) insulitis³»¿¡ cytokines release: ¥â cellÀº ƯÁ¤ cytokine(TNF-¥á, INF-¥ã, IL-1)¿¡ ´ëÇØ Æ¯È÷ susceptibleÇÏ´Ù.
##¥â cell deathÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÑ ±âÀüÀº ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö¸¸ ´ÙÀ½ »çÇ×°ú °ü·ÃÀÖ´Ù.
i) NO metabolite formation
ii) apoptosis
iii) direct CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity
* autoimmune process¿¡¼­ targetÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â pancreatic islet molecules
: insulin, GAD, ICA512/IA-2(tyrosine phosphatase¿Í homology), phogrin(insulin secretory granular protein)
¨é immunologic markers
ICA : GAD, insulin, IA-2/ICA 512, islet ganglioside¿Í °°Àº pancreatic islet molecules¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ab·Î type 1 DMÀÇ autoimmune process marker·Î ÀÌ¿ëµÈ´Ù.
DM typeÀ» ºÐ·ùÇϴµ¥ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ°í, type 1A DMÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüÇÒ À§Ç輺À» ÀÎÁöÇϴµ¥ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. »õ·ÎÀÌ type 1A DMÀ¸·Î Áø´ÜµÈ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ È¯ÀÚ(>75%)¿¡¼­ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. type 2 DM¿¡¼­´Â ±Ø¼Ò¼ö¿¡¼­¸¸ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í, GDM¿¡¼­´Â °£È¤(<5%) Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. type 1A DMÀÇ Á÷°è°¡Á·¿¡¼­´Â 3-4%¿¡¼­ ¾ç¼ºÀÌ´Ù. IV glucose intolerance test¿¡¼­ impaired insulin secretionÀÌ ÇÔ²² ÀÖÀ» ¶§ 5³â³» type 1A DMÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀº 50% ÀÌ»óÀÌ´Ù. insulin secretionÀÌ»óÀÌ ¾øÀ»¶§´Â <25%
¿©±â¼­ º¸¸é Á÷°è°¡Á·¿¡¼­ type 1A DMÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀº ±ØÈ÷ ³·À¸¸ç ICA ¾ç¼ºÀÏÁö ¶óµµ Ç×»ó ´ç´¢·Î ¹ßÀüÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÇöÀç ICA´Â ¿¬±¸¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÁÖ·Î »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.
¨ê environmental factors
ÃßÁ¤µÇ´Â ȯ°æ ÀÎÀÚ : virus(coxsackie & rubella virus most prominently), bovine milk proteinÁ¶±â³ëÃâ, nitrosourea compounds
¨ë type 1A DMÀÇ ¿¹¹æ
µ¿¹°½ÇÇè¿¡¼­ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÃµµµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸é¿ª¾ïÁ¦, selective T cell subset deletion, islet protein¿¡ ´ëÇÑ immunologic toleranceÀ¯µµ¿Í °°ÀÌ immune system¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á÷Á¢Àû ½Ãµµ°¡ ÀÖ¾ú°í ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­´Â cytotoxic cytokineÀ» block½ÃÅ°°Å³ª destructive process¿¡ ´ëÇÑ islet resistance¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°´Â ÂÊÀ¸·Î ½ÃµµµÇ¾ú´Ù. µ¿¹°½ÇÇè¿¡¼­´Â Èñ¸ÁÀûÀ̾úÀ¸³ª »ç¶÷¿¡¼­´Â ¼º°øÀûÀÌÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.


2) type 2 DM
type 2 DM¹ß»ýÀÇ Áß½ÉÀû ±âÀüÀº insulin resistance & abnormal insulin secretionÀÌ´Ù. primary defect¿¡ ´ëÇØ ³íÀïÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ÀÖÀ¸³ª ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­´Â insulin resistance°¡ insulin secretory defectº¸´Ù ¼±ÇàÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
¨ç genetic considerations
strong genetic compounds¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ºñ·Ï ƯÁ¤ À¯ÀüÀÚ´Â ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸, ÀÌ º´ÀÌ polygenic & multifactorialÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¸í¹éÇÏ´Ù. °¨¼ö¼º ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ È¯°æÀû ÀÎÀÚ(nutrition & physical activity)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹ßÇöµÈ´Ù.
identical twin¿¡¼­ type 2 DMÀÇ concordance: 70-90% type 2 DMºÎ¸ð¸¦ °¡Áø ÀÚ³à´Â ´ç´¢º´ ¹ß»ý À§ÇèÀÌ ³ô´Ù.
¿¹> ¾çÂÊ ºÎ¸ð ¸ðµÎ ´ç´¢º´ÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ 40%
type 2 DMÀÇ non-diabetic, first-degree relatives¿¡¼­ insulin resistance(=skeletal muscle glucose utilization°¨¼Ò)°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
¨è pathophysiology
* 3 pathophysiologic abnormalities
i) impaired insulin secretion
ii) peirpheral insulin resistance
iii) excessive hepatic glucose production
insulin resistance´Â obesity¿Í ÈçÈ÷ °ü·ÃÀִµ¥, adipocyte°¡ insulin resistance¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ¸¹Àº biologic product(leptin, TNF-¥á, free fatty acid)¸¦ ºÐºñÇÑ´Ù.
* ÀÓ»ó 3 ´Ü°è
i) Ãʱ⿣ insulin resistance¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í glucose tolerance´Â Á¤»óÀÌ´Ù: pancreatic ¥â cellÀÌ insulin outputÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á compensationÇÑ´Ù. **HOMA-IR ==>hyperINS-IR ++>IGT==>DM
ii) insulin resistance & compensatory hyperinsulinemia°¡ ÁøÇàÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó(possible hypoglycemia Sx) pancreatic islet Àº hyperinsulinemic state¸¦ Áö¼ÓÇÒ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÈ´Ù. À̶§ ½ÄÈÄ °íÇ÷´çÀ» Ư¡À¸·Î ÇÏ´Â IGT °¡ »ý±ä´Ù.
iii) insulin secretionÀÌ ´õ¿í °¨¼ÒÇÏ°í hepatic glucose productionÀÌ ´õ¿í Áõ°¡Çϸé overt diabetes°¡ µÇ¸ç fasting hyperglycemia°¡ µÈ´Ù. °á±¹ ¥â cell failure°¡ µÚÀ̾î ÀϾ´Ù.
¨é metabolic abnormalities
i) insulin resistance :insulinÀÌ peripheral target tissue(ƯÈ÷ muscle & liver)¿¡ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿© »ý±ä´Ù.
insulin¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×À¸·Î glucose utilizationÀÌ ¼Õ»óµÇ°í hepatic glucose outputÀº Áõ°¡ Çϸç hepatic glucose outputÀÇ Áõ°¡°¡ FPG levelÁõ°¡ÀÇ ÁÖ ¿øÀÎÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é peripheral glucose usage°¨¼Ò´Â ½ÄÈÄ °íÇ÷´çÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù. skeletal muscle¿¡¼­ glycolysis¸¦ ÅëÇÑ oxidative glucose metabolismº¸´Ù nonoxidative glucose usage(glycogen formation)¿¡ ´õ Å« Àå¾Ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. insulin resistance¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤È®ÇÑ ºÐÀÚÇÐÀû ±âÀüÀº ¹àÇôÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. skeletal muscle¿¡¼­ insulin receptor level & tyrosine kinase activity°¡ °¨¼ÒµÇ¾î ÀÖÁö¸¸ ÀÌ°ÍÀº ´ëºÎºÐ hyperinsulinemia¿¡ ´ëÇÑ 2Â÷Àû ¹ÝÀÀÀ̸ç primary defect´Â ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î postreceptor defect°¡ insulin resistanceÀÇ ÁÖ ±âÀüÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÈ´Ù.
IRS-1 polymorphismÀÌ glucose intolerance¿Í °ü°èÀִµ¥ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ postreceptor molecule ÀÇ polymorphismÀº insulin-resistant state¿Í combineµÈ´Ù. insulin resistance pathogenesis¿¡ °üÇÑ ÇöÀçÀÇ ÃÊÁ¡Àº PI-3 kinase signaling defect¿¡ ¸ÂÃçÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. *** PI-3 kinase signaling defect : cytosolic GLUT4 -> plasma membraneÀ¸·ÎÀÇ translocationÀ» °¨¼Ò½ÃŲ´Ù.
FFAÀÇ Áõ°¡(obesity)°¡ type 2 DM º´Àο¡ °ü¿©ÇÑ´Ù´Â À̷еµ ÀÖ´Ù.(=lipotoxicity) FFA´Â skeletal muscle¿¡¼­ glucose utilizationÀ» ¼Õ»ó½ÃÅ°°í, liver¿¡¼­ glucose productionÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°¸ç ¥â cell functionÀ» ¼Õ»ó½ÃŲ´Ù.
ii) impaired insulin secretion
óÀ½¿£ normal glucose tolerance¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ insulin secretionÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿© glucose-stimulated insulin secretionÀÌ Ä§¹üµÈ´Ù. À̶§ arginine°ú °°Àº ´Ù¸¥ nonglucose secretagogues´Â À¯ÁöµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °á±¹Àº insulin secretory defect°¡ ÁøÇàµÈ´Ù. insulin secretory capacity°¡ °¨¼ÒÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¸íÈ®ÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Ù. second genetic defect °¡ ¥â cell failure¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù´Â °¡Á¤¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ÇöÀç±îÁöÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ ¹àÇôÁø °ÍÀº ¾ø´Ù. islet amyloid polypeptide or amylinÀÌ ¥â cell¿¡¼­ ÇÔ²² ºÐºñµÇ¾î isletÁÖÀ§¿¡ amyloid fibrillar depositÀ» Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù. metabolic environment¶ÇÇÑ islet functionÀ» ¼Õ»ó½ÃŲ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é chronic hyeprglycemia´Â paradoxicÇÏ°Ôµµ islet functionÀ» ¼Õ»ó½ÃÄÑ("glucose toxicity") hyperglycemia¸¦ ¾ÇÈ­½ÃŲ´Ù. glycemic controlÀÌ È£ÀüµÇ¸é islet functionµµ È£ÀüµÈ´Ù. ±×¿Ü¿¡ FFAÀÇ Áõ°¡µµ islet functionÀ» ¾ÇÈ­½ÃŲ´Ù("lipotoxicity").
iii) increased hepatic glucose production
liver´Â glycogenolysis¿Í gluconeogenesis¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °øº¹Ç÷´çÀ» À¯ÁöÇÑ´Ù.
insulinÀº hepatic glycogenÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π´çÀÇ ÀúÀåÀ» ÃËÁøÇÏ°í gluconeogenesis¸¦ ¾ïÁ¦ ÇÑ´Ù. insulin resistance´Â hyperinsulinemiaÀÇ gluconeogensis suppression failure¸¦ À¯¹ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±× °á°ú fasting hyperglycemia & postprandial glucose storage°¨¼Ò¸¦ À¯¹ßÇÑ´Ù.
¨ê insulin resistance syndromes
i) syndrome X  :insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, central or visceral obesity, endothelial dysfunction, accelerated cardiovascular disease
ii) acanthosis nigricans, hyperandrogenism signs(hirsutism, acne, oligomenorrhea)
* 2 distinct syndrome of severe insulin resistance in adults
type A : young women, severe hyperinsulinemia, obesity, hyeprandrogenism
type B: middle-aged women, severe hyperinsulinemia, hyperandrogenism, autoimmune disorder
iii) polycystic ovarian syndrome
: premenopausal women, chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance
type 2 DM ¹ß»ý À§ÇèÀÌ ³ô´Ù. metformin & thiazolidinedionsÀÌ hyperinsulinemia¸¦ ÁõÁø½ÃÅ°°í, hyperandrogenÀ» È£Àü ½ÃÅ°¸ç ovulationÀ» À¯µµÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀûÀÀÁõÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤µÇÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù.


6. MODY
ÀüÇüÀûÀ¸·Î 10-25¼¼¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â autosomal domiant disorder islet cell transcription factor or glucokinase gene muation¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ´Ù.
5 vaiants°¡ Àִµ¥ ±×Áß MODY2°¡ most common variant(glucokinse gene mutation)
glucose -----------------> G-6-P glucokinase
: liver¿¡¼­ glucose utilization¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¹ÝÀÀ glucokinase mutationÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© glucose levelÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÑ´Ù.
MODY 1 = HNF(hepatocyte nuclear transcription factor)-4¥á
MODY 3 = HNF-1¥á
MODY 5 = HNF-1¥â mutation

´ÙÀ½±Û : IR=Àν¶¸°ÀúÇ×.IGF-1
ÀÌÀü±Û : ECS2