| ### GRAVIOLA (ANNONA MURICATA) - 항고혈압/당뇨병/감기-천식
암세포내의 ATP생성 자체를 차단한다.(따라서 코엔자임Q10 보충제 복용은 피해야 한다)
한편 Hydrazine sulfate는 암세포의 무산소에너지대사과정 결과 생신 젖산의 간내 포도당으로의 전환과정을 차단함으로써 항암효과를 나타낸다. 그라비올라의 acetogenins은 complex I of oxidative phosphorylation chain(산화인산화사슬의 복합체 1)의 억제제로 작용하여 ATP energy 생성을 차단하여 암세포가 (정상세포가 계속 활동하도록 하는), P-glycoprotein에 의해 중개되는 펌프를 사용하지 못하게 함. 또한 acetogenins은 암세포원형질막에 독특한 ubiquinone-ubiquinone oxidase, NADH-dependent enzyme을 억제 한다. (www.kevinserrano.com) acetogenin은 항암제 다제내성, 재발성인 암에서조차도 효과가 있다.." (www.blackherbals.com)
http://www.cancertutor.com/Cancer/Graviola.html
***Graviola for all type cancer(오직 백혈병에서는 그 치료작용이 미약하다)- including Lung, Liver, Colon, Panc, Prost, Breast Ca...
--- 항암제인 adriamycin보다 1만배 강력, 잎만을 사용한다. 뿌리나 씨는 파킨슨병의 양상을 유발할 수 있다 ..단독으로는 2그람 3회 복용하는 것이 추천된다
***GB cancer = Graviola + Artemicinin and/or MMS + 광양자요법
cf>for leukemia - N-tense or N-Tense II + 아르테미시닌 + 메가도스 비타민 C 정주요법 + 광양자요법
Family: Annonaceae Genus: Annona Species: muricata
Synonyms: Annona macrocarpa, A. bonplandiana, A. cearensis, Guanabanus muricatus
Common names: Graviola, soursop, Brazilian paw paw, guanábana, guanábano, guanavana, guanaba, corossol épineux, huanaba, toge-banreisi, durian benggala, nangka blanda, cachiman épineux
Part Used: Leaves, fruit, seeds, bark, roots
From The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs: GRAVIOLA
참고로 이 나무가 국가별 또는 지역별로 불리어지는 이름들을 기록해 본다.
graviola, soursop, guayabano, Brazilian PawPaw(영어권),
tiep barang(캄보디아), sirsak, nan함 belanda(인도네시아), khan thalot, khiep thet(라오스), durian belanda(말레이시아), duyin-awza(미얀마), guayabano(필리핀), thurian thet, rian nam(태국), mang cau 탸드(베트남). matakim
HERBAL PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS
Main Actions Other Actions Standard Dosage
**kills cancer cells relieves depression--- use Leaves only.
The therapeutic dosage is reported to be 2 g three times daily in capsules or tablets.
**slows tumor growth reduces spasms --- Infusion: 1 cup 3 times daily
**kills bacteria kills viruses --- Tincture: 2-4 ml 3 times daily
**kills parasites(말라리아 포함) reduces fever, reduces blood pressure, expels worms,
lowers heart rate, stimulates digestion, dilates blood vessels, stops convulsions,
sedates --- Capsules: 2 g 3 times daily
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Graviola is a small, upright evergreen tree, 5–6 m high, with large, glossy, dark green leaves. It produces a large, heart-shaped, edible fruit that is 15–20 cm in diameter, is yellow-green in color, and has white flesh inside. Graviola is indigenous to most of the warmest tropical areas in South and North America, including the Amazon. The fruit is sold in local markets in the tropics, where it is called guanábana in Spanish-speaking countries and graviola in Brazil. The fruit pulp is excellent for making drinks and sherbets and, though slightly sour-acid, can be eaten out of hand.
#Tribal & Herbal Medicine Uses
All parts of the graviola tree are used in natural medicine in the tropics, including the bark, leaves, roots, fruit, and fruit seeds. Different properties and uses are attributed to the different parts of the tree. Generally, the fruit and fruit juice are taken for worms and parasites, to cool fevers, to increase mother's milk after childbirth, and as an astringent for diarrhea and dysentery. The crushed seeds are used against internal and external parasites, head lice, and worms. The bark, leaves, and roots are considered sedative, antispasmodic, hypotensive, and nervine, and a tea is made for various disorders toward those effects.
Graviola has a long, rich history of use in herbal medicine as well as a lengthy recorded indigenous use. In the Peruvian Andes, a leaf tea is used for catarrh (inflammation of mucous membranes) and the crushed seed is used to kill parasites. In the Peruvian Amazon the bark, roots, and leaves are used for diabetes and as a sedative and antispasmodic. Indigenous tribes in Guyana use a leaf and/or bark tea as a sedative and heart tonic. In the Brazilian Amazon a leaf tea is used for liver problems, and the oil of the leaves and unripe fruit is mixed with olive oil and used externally for neuralgia, rheumatism, and arthritis pain. In Jamaica, Haiti, and the West Indies the fruit and/or fruit juice is used for fevers, parasites and diarrhea; the bark or leaf is used as an antispasmodic, sedative, and nervine for heart conditions, coughs, flu, difficult childbirth, asthma, hypertension, and parasites.
#Plant Chemicals
Many active compounds and chemicals have been found in graviola, as scientists have been studying its properties since the 1940s. Most of the research on graviola focuses on a novel set of chemicals called Annonaceous acetogenins. Graviola produces these natural compounds in its leaf and stem, bark, and fruit seeds. Three separate research groups have confirmed that these chemicals have significant antitumorous properties and selective toxicity against various types of cancer cells (without harming healthy cells) publishing eight clinical studies on their findings. Many of the acetogenins have demonstrated selective toxicity to tumor cells at very low dosages—as little as 1 part per million. Four studies were published in 1998 which further specify the chemicals and acetogenins in graviola which are demonstrating the strongest anticancerous, antitumorous, and antiviral properties. In a 1997 clinical study, novel alkaloids found in graviola fruit exhibited antidepressive effects in animals.
Annonaceous acetogenins are only found in the Annonaceae family (to which graviola belongs). These chemicals in general have been documented with antitumorous, antiparasitic, insecticidal, and antimicrobial activities. Mode of action studies in three separate laboratories have recently determined that these acetogenins are superb inhibitors of enzyme processes that are only found in the membranes of cancerous tumor cells. This is why they are toxic to cancer cells but have no toxicity to healthy cells. Purdue University, in West Lafayette, Indiana, has conducted a great deal of the research on the acetogenins, much of which, has been funded by The National Cancer Institute and/or the National Institute of Health (NIH). Thus far, Purdue University and/or its staff have filed at least nine U.S. and/or international patents on their work around the antitumorous and insecticidal properties and uses of these acetogenins.
In 1997, Purdue University published information with promising news that several of the Annonaceous acetogenins were " . . . not only are effective in killing tumors that have proven resistant to anti-cancer agents, but also seem to have a special affinity for such resistant cells." In several interviews after this information was publicized, the head pharmacologist in Purdue's research explained how this worked. As he explains it, cancer cells that survive chemotherapy can develop resistance to the agent originally used as well as to other, even unrelated, drugs. This phenomenon is called multi-drug resistance (MDR). One of the main ways that cancer cells develop resistance to chemotherapy drugs is by creating an intercellular pump which is capable of pushing anticancer agents out of the cell before they can kill it. On average, only about two percent of the cancer cells in any given person might develop this pump—but they are the two percent that can eventually grow and expand to create multi-drug-resistant tumors. Some of the latest research on acetogenins reported that they were capable of shutting down these intercellular pumps, thereby killing multi-drug-resistant tumors. Purdue researchers reported that the acetogenins preferentially killed multi-drug-resistant cancer cells by blocking the transfer of ATP—the chief source of cellular energy—into them. A tumor cell needs energy to grow and reproduce, and a great deal more to run its pump and expel attacking agents. By inhibiting energy to the cell , it can no longer run its pump. When acetogenins block ATP to the tumor cell over time, the cell no longer has enough energy to operate sustaining processes—and it dies. Normal cells seldom develop such a pump; therefore, they don't require large amounts of energy to run a pump and, generally, are not adversely affected by ATP inhibitors. Purdue researchers reported that 14 different acetogenins tested thus far demonstrate potent ATP-blocking properties (including several found only in graviola). They also reported that 13 of these 14 acetogenins tested were more potent against MDR breast cancer cells than all three of the standard drugs (adriamycin, vincristine, and vinblastine) they used as controls.
The Annonaceous acetogenins discovered in graviola thus far include: annocatalin, annohexocin, annomonicin, annomontacin, annomuricatin A & B, annomuricin A thru E, annomutacin, annonacin, annonacinone, annopentocin A thru C, cis-annonacin, cis-corossolone, cohibin A thru D, corepoxylone, coronin, corossolin, corossolone, donhexocin, epomuricenin A & B, gigantetrocin, gigantetrocin A & B, gigantetrocinone, gigantetronenin, goniothalamicin, iso-annonacin, javoricin, montanacin, montecristin, muracin A thru G, muricapentocin, muricatalicin, muricatalin, muri-catenol, muricatetrocin A & B muricatin D, muricatocin A thru C muricin H, muricin I, muricoreacin, murihexocin 3, murihexocin A thru C, murihexol, murisolin, robustocin, rolliniastatin 1 & 2, saba-delin, solamin, uvariamicin I & IV, xylomaticin
#Biological Activites and Clinical Research
In an 1976 plant screening program by the National Cancer Institute, graviola leaves and stem showed active toxicity against cancer cells and researchers have been following up on these findings since. Thus far, specific acetogenins in graviola and/or extracts of graviola have been reported to be selectively toxic in vitro to these types of tumor cells: lung carcinoma cell lines(폐암); human breast solid tumor lines(유방암); prostate adenocarcinoma(전립선암); pancreatic carcinoma cell lines(췌장암); colon adenocarcinoma cell lines(대장암); liver cancer cell lines(간암); human lymphoma cell lines(악성임파종); and multi-drug resistant human breast adenocarcinoma.(다제내성유방암)
Researchers in Taiwan reported in 2003 that the main graviola acetogenin, annonacin, was highly toxic to ovarian(난소암), cervical(자궁암), breast(유방암), bladder(방광암) and skin cancer cell lines(피부암) at very low dosages saying; “. . . annonacin is a promising anti-cancer agent and worthy of further animal studies and, we would hope, clinical trials.”
An interesting in vivo study was published in March of 2002 by researchers in Japan, who were studying various acetogenins found in several species of plants. They inoculated mice with lung cancer cells. One third received nothing (the control group), one third received the chemotherapy drug adriamycin, and one third received the main graviola acetogenin, annonacin (at a dosage of 10 mg/kg). At the end of two weeks, five of the six in the untreated control group were still alive and lung tumor sizes were then measured. The adriamycin group showed a 54.6% reduction of tumor mass over the control group—but 50% of the animals had died from toxicity (three of six). The mice receiving annonacin were all still alive, and the tumors were inhibited by 57.9%—slightly better than adriamycin—and without toxicity. This led the researchers to summarize; “This suggested that annonacin was less toxic in mice. On considering the antitumor activity and toxicity, annonacin might be used as a lead to develop a potential anticancer agent.”
Current Practical Uses
Cancer research is ongoing on these important Annona plants and plant chemicals, as several pharmaceutical companies and universities continue to research, test, patent, and attempt to synthesize these chemicals into new chemotherapeutic drugs. In fact, graviola seems to be following the same path as another well known cancer drug – Taxol. From the time researchers first discovered an antitumorous effect in the bark of the pacific yew tree and a novel chemical called taxol was discovered in its bark - it took thirty years of research by numerous pharmaceutical companies, universities, and government agencies before the first FDA-approved Taxol drug was sold to a cancer patient (which was based on the natural taxol chemical they found in the tree bark). With graviola, it has taken researchers almost 10 years to successfully synthesize (chemically reproduce) the main antitumorous chemical, annonacin. These acetogenin chemicals have a unique waxy center and other unique molecular energy properties which thwarted earlier attempts, and at least one major pharmaceutical company gave up in the process (despite knowing how active the natural chemical was against tumors). Now that scientists have the ability to recreate this chemical and several other active acetogenins in the laboratory, the next step is to change the chemical just enough (without losing any of the antitumorous actions in the process) to become a novel chemical which can be patented and turned into a new patented cancer drug. (Naturally-occurring plant chemicals cannot be patented.) Thus far, scientists seem to be thwarted again—every time they change the chemical enough to be patentable, they lose much of the antitumorous actions. Like the development of taxol, it may well take government agenies like the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of Health to step forward and launch full-scale human cancer research on the synthesized unpatentable natural plant chemical (which will allow any pharmaceutical company to develop a cancer drug utilizing the research as happened with taxol) to be able to make this promising therapy available to cancer patients in a timely fashion.
In the meantime, many cancer patients and health practitioners are not waiting… they are adding the natural leaf and stem of graviola (with over 40 documented naturally-occurring acetogenins including annonacin) as a complementary therapy to their cancer protocols. After all, graviola has a long history of safe use as a herbal remedy for other conditions for many years, and research indicates that the antitumorous acetogenins are selectively toxic to just cancer cells and not healthy cells—and in miniscule amounts. While research confirms that these antitumorous acetogenins also occur in high amounts in the fruit seeds and roots of graviola, different alkaloid chemicals in the seeds and roots have shown some preliminary in vitro neurotoxic effects. Researchers have suggested that these alkaloids might be linked to atypical Parkinson’s disease in countries where the seeds are employed as a common herbal parasite remedy. Therefore, using the seeds and root of graviola is not recommended at this time.
The therapuetic dosage of graviola leaf, (which offers just as high of an amount of acetogenins as the root and almost as much as the seed) is reported to be 2-3 grams taken 3 or 4 times daily. Graviola products (capsules and tinctures) are becoming more widely available in the U.S. market, and now offered under several different manufacturer’s labels in health food stores. As one of graviola’s mechanisms of action is to deplete ATP energy to cancer cells, combining it with other supplements and natural products which increase or enhance cellular ATP may reduce the effect of graviola. The main supplement which increases ATP is a common antioxidant called Coenzyme Q10 and for this reason, it should be avoided when taking graviola.
Graviola is certainly a promising natural remedy and one that again emphasizes the importance of preserving our remaining rainforest ecosystems. Perhaps—if enough people believe that the possible cure for cancer truly is locked away in a rainforest plant—we will take the steps needed to protect our remaining rainforests from destruction. One researcher studying graviola summarized this idea eloquently: “At the time of preparation of this current review, over 350 Annonaceous acetogenins have been isolated from 37 species. Our preliminary efforts show that about 50%, of over 80 Annonaceous species screened, are significantly bioactive and are worthy of fractionation; thus, this class of compounds can be expected to continue to grow at an exponential rate in the future, provided that financial support for such research efforts can be found. With the demise of the world’s tropical rain forests, such work is compelling before the great chemical diversity, contained within these endangered species, is lost.”
###GRAVIOLA PLANT SUMMARY
@Main Actions (in order): 항암, 항종양, 항균, 항기생충, 혈압강하,
@Main Uses:
항암(모든 종류의 암) -- 세포내부와 외부의 모근 균과 진균을 제거하는 기전으로.
인체내부의 항기생충
항고혈압
항우울, 항스트레스, 신경증질환 치료
@Properties/Actions Documented by Research:
항균, 항암, 항간질, 항울, 항진균, 항말라리아, 항돌연변이, 항기생충, 항경련(근육), 항종양, 항심장발작, 구토유도, 혈압강하-혈관확장,곤충박멸, 안정유도, 자궁수축촉진
@Other Properties/Actions Documented by Traditional Use:
항바이러스, 심장보전 (tones, balances, strengthens the heart), 비점막충혈완화, 소화촉진, 해열, 신경안정, 몸니제거, 구충효과
@Cautions:
혈압강하/맥박저하작용이 있음에 유의,
대량복용시 오심-구토 야기. 코엔자임Q10같은 ATP생성톡진제와의 병용을 피하라..
@Traditional Preparation: The therapeutic dosage is reported to be 2 g three times daily in capsules or tablets. A standard infusion (one cup 3 times daily) or a 4:1 standard tincture (2–4 ml three times daily) can be substituted if desired. See Traditional Herbal Remedies Preparation Methods page if necessary for definitions.
@금기증 Contraindications:
임신부 - 조산 유발
저혈압자
고혈압약제 사용시는 용량 조절이 필요..
장기간사용시는 장내유익세균의 die-off반응이 나타난다. 따라서 30일 이상 사용시는 유산균제 맟 소화제 복용이 필요하다.
대량사용시 오심-구토 유발 가능,
dopamine, norepinephrine, and monomine oxidase activity가 증가하고, serotonin release억제효과가 스트레스상태의 실험동물에게서 확인됨 .
지나치게 안정을 유발하거나 졸림기가 있으면 용량을 줄이라.
@Drug Interactions: None have been reported; however, graviola may potentiate antihypertensive and cardiac depressant drugs. It may potentiate antidepressant drugs and interfere with MAO-inhibitor drugs. See contraindications above.
###WORLDWIDE ETHNOMEDICAL USES
Brazil for abscesses, bronchitis, chest problems, cough, diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, edema, fever, intestinal colic, intestinal parasites, liver problems, neuralgia, nervousness, pain, parasites, rheumatism, spasms, worms
Caribbean for chills, fever, flu, indigestion, nervousness, palpitations, rash, spasms, skin disease, and as a sedative
Curaçao for childbirth, gallbladder problems, nervousness, and as a sedative and tranquilizer
Haiti for digestive sluggishness, coughs, diarrhea, fever, flu, heart conditions, lactation aid, lice, nerves, parasites, pain, pellagra, sores, spasms, weakness, wounds, and as a sedative
Jamaica for asthma, fevers, heart conditions, hypertension, lactation aid, nervousness, parasites, spasms, water retention, weakness, worms, and as a sedative
Malaysia for boils, coughs, diarrhea, dermatosis, hypertension, rheumatism, and to reduce bleeding
Mexico for diarrhea, dysentery, fever, chest colds, ringworm, scurvy, and to reduce bleeding
Panama for diarrhea, dyspepsia, kidney, stomach ulcers, worms
Peru for diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, fever, hypertension, indigestion, inflammation, lice, liver disorders, parasites, spasms, tumors, ulcers (internal), and as a sedative
Trinidad for blood cleansing, fainting, flu, high blood pressure, insomnia, lactation aid, palpitations, ringworms
U.S.A. for cancer, depression, fungal infections, hypertension, intestinal parasites, tumors
West Indies for asthma, childbirth, diarrhea, hypertension, lactation aid, parasites, worms
Elsewhere for arthritis, asthma, bile insufficiency, childbirth, cancer, diarrhea, dysentery, fever, heart problems, kidney problems, lactation aid, lice, liver disorders, malaria, pain, ringworm, scurvy, stomach problems, and as a sedative
The above text has been printed from The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs by Leslie Taylor, copyrighted 2005
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, including websites, without written permission.
The statements contained herein have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The information contained in this plant database file is intended for education, entertainment and information purposes only. This information is not intended to be used to diagnose, prescribe or replace proper medical care. The plant described herein is not intended to treat, cure, diagnose, mitigate or prevent any disease. Please refer to our Conditions of Use for using this plant database file and web site.
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Third-Party Published Research on Graviola
All available third-party documentation and research on graviola be found at PubMed. A partial listing of the third-party published research on graviola is shown below:
Anticancerous & Antitumor Actions:
Kojima, N. “Systematic synthesis of antitumor Annonaceous acetogenins” Yakugaku Zasshi. 2004; 124(10): 673-81.
Tormo, J. R., et al. “In vitro antitumor structure-activity relationships of threo/trans/threo mono-tetrahydro-furanic acetogenins: Correlations with their inhibition of mitochondrial complex I.” Oncol. Res. 2003; 14(3): 147-54.
Yuan, S. S., et al. “Annonacin, a mono-tetrahydrofuran acetogenin, arrests cancer cells at the G1 phase and causes cytotoxicity in a Bax- and caspase-3-related pathway.” Life Sci. 2003 May: 72(25): 2853-61.
Liaw, C. C., et al. “New cytotoxic monotetrahydrofuran Annonaceous acetogenins from Annona muricata.” J. Nat. Prod. 2002; 65(4): 470-75
Gonzalez-Coloma, A., et al. “Selective action of acetogenin mitochondrial complex I inhibitors.” Z. Naturforsch. 2002; 57(11-12): 1028-34.
Chang, F. R., et al. “Novel cytotoxic Annonaceous acetogenins from Annona muricata.” J. Nat. Prod. 2001; 64(7): 925-31.
Jaramillo, M. C., et al. “Cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of Annona muricata pericarp.” Fitoterapia. 2000; 71 (2): 183-6.
Betancur-Galvis, L., et al. “Antitumor and antiviral activity of Colombian medicinal plant extracts.” Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 1999; 94(4): 531-35.
Kim, G. S., et al. “Muricoreacin and murihexocin C, mono-tetrahydrofuran acetogenins, from the leaves of Annona muricata.” Phytochemistry. 1998; 49(2): 565-71.
Kim, G. S., et al. “Two new mono-tetrahydrofuran ring acetogenins, annomuricin E and muricapentocin, from the leaves of Annona muricata.” J. Nat. Prod. 1998; 61(4): 432-36.
Nicolas, H., et al. “Structure-activity relationships of diverse Annonaceous acetogenins against multidrug resistant human mammary adenocarcinoma (MCF-7/Adr) cells.” J. Med. Chem. 1997; 40(13): 2102-6.
Zeng, L., et al. “Five new monotetrahydrofuran ring acetogenins from the leaves of Annona muricata.” J. Nat. Prod. 1996; 59(11): 1035-42.
Wu, F. E., et al. “Two new cytotoxic monotetrahydrofuran Annonaceous acetogenins, annomuricins A and B, from the leaves of Annona muricata.” J. Nat. Prod. 1995; 58(6): 830-36.
Oberlies, N. H., et al. “Tumor cell growth inhibition by several Annonaceous acetogenins in an in vitro disk diffusion assay.” Cancer Lett. 1995; 96(1): 55-62.
Wu, F. E., et al. “Additional bioactive acetogenins, annomutacin and (2,4-trans and cis)-10R-annonacin-A-ones, from the leaves of Annona muricata.” J. Nat. Prod. 1995; 58(9): 1430-37.
Wu, F. E., et al. “New bioactive monotetrahydrofuran Annonaceous acetogenins, annomuricin C and muricatocin C, from the leaves of Annona muricata.” J. Nat. Prod. 1995; 58(6): 909-5.
Wu, F. E., et al. “Muricatocins A and B, two new bioactive monotetrahydrofuran Annonaceous acetogenins from the leaves of Annona muricata.” J. Nat. Prod. 1995; 58(6): 902-8.
Sundarrao, K., et al. “Preliminary screening of antibacterial and antitumor activities of Papua New Guinean native medicinal plants.” Int. J. Pharmacog. 1993; 31(1): 3-6.
Antimicrobial Actions:
Takahashi, J.A., et al. “Antibacterial activity of eight Brazilian Annonaceae plants.” Nat. Prod. Res. 2006; 20(1): 21-6.
Betancur-Galvis, L., et al. “Antitumor and antiviral activity of Colombian medicinal plant extracts.” Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1999; 94(4): 531-35.
Antoun, M. D., et al. "Evaluation of the flora of Puerto Rico for in vitro cytotoxic and anti-HIV activities." Pharmaceutical Biol. 1999; 37(4): 277-280.
Padma, P., et al. “Effect of the extract of Annona muricata and Petunia nyctaginiflora on Herpes simplex virus.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998; 61(1): 81–3.
Sundarrao, K., et al. “Preliminary screening of antibacterial and antitumor activities of Papua New Guinean native medicinal plants.” Int. J. Pharmacog. 1993; 31(1): 3–6.
Misas, C. A. J., et al. “Contribution to the biological evaluation of Cuban plants. IV.” Rev. Cubana Med. Trop. 1979; 31(1): 29–35.
Antidepressant & Antistress Actions:
Padma, P., et al. “Effect of Annona muricata and Polyalthia cerasoides on brain neurotransmitters and enzyme monoamine oxidase following cold immobilization stress.” J. Natural Remedies 2001; 1(2): 144–46.
Hasrat, J. A., et al. “Screening of medicinal plants from Suriname for 5-HT 1A ligands: Bioactive isoquinoline alkaloids from the fruit of Annona muricata.” Phytomedicine. 1997; 4(20: 133-140.
Padma, P., et al. “Effect of alcohol extract of Annona muricata on cold immobilization stress induced tissue lipid peroxidation.” Phytother. Res. 1997; 11(4): 326-327.
Hasrat, J. A., et al. “Isoquinoline derivatives isolated from the fruit of Annona muricata as 5-HTergic 5-HT1A receptor agonists in rats: unexploited antidepressive (lead) products.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1997; 49(11): 1145–49.
Antiparasitic, Antimalarial, & Insecticidal Actions:
Luna, J. S., et al. “Acetogenins in Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae) leaves are potent molluscicides.” Nat. Prod. Res. 2006; 20(3): 253-7.
Jaramillo, M. C., et al. “Cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of Annona muricata pericarp.” Fitoterapia. 2000; 71(2): 183–6.
Alali, F. Q., et al. “Annonaceous acetogenins as natural pesticides; potent toxicity against insecticide-susceptible and resistant German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).” J. Econ. Entomol. 1998; 91(3): 641-9.
Antoun, M. D., et al. "Screening of the flora of Puerto Rico for potential antimalarial bioactives.” Int. J. Pharmacog. 1993; 31(4): 255–58.
Heinrich, M., et al. “Parasitological and microbiological evaluation of Mixe Indian medicinal plants (Mexico).” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1992; 36(1): 81–5.
Bories, C., et al. “Antiparasitic activity of Annona muricata and Annona cherimolia seeds.” Planta Med. 1991; 57(5): 434–36.
Gbeassor, M., et al. “In vitro antimalarial activity of six medicinal plants.” Phytother. Res. 1990; 4(3): 115–17.
Tattersfield, F., et al. “The insecticidal properties of certain species of Annona and an Indian strain of Mundulea sericea (Supli).” Ann. Appl. Biol. 1940; 27: 262–73.
Anticonvulsant, Antispasmodic, & Smooth Muscle Relaxant Actions:
N’gouemo, P., et al. “Effects of ethanol extract of Annona muricata on pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsive seizures in mice.” Phytother. Res. 1997; 11(3): 243–45.
Feng, P. C., et al. “Pharmacological screening of some West Indian medicinal plants.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1962; 14: 556–61.
Hypotensive & Cardiodepressant Actions
Carbajal, D., et al. “Pharmacological screening of plant decoctions commonly used in Cuban folk medicine.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1991; 33(1/2): 21–4.
Feng, P. C., et al. “Pharmacological screening of some West Indian medicinal plants.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1962; 14: 556–61.
Meyer, T. M. “The alkaloids of Annona muricata.” Ing. Ned. Indie. 1941; 8(6): 64.
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