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###Growth Hormone


1. ÇÕ¼º
GH-secreting somatotrope cellÀº ant. pituitary cellÀÇ 50%¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù. mammosomatotrope cellÀº PRL & GHÀ» ÇÔ²² »ý¼ºÇÑ´Ù.


2. ºÐºñ ***GH ºÐºñÀÇ ÁöÇ¥= IGF-1, IGFBP3
GHRH -> GH synthesis & release ÀÚ±Ø(GH spike)
somatostatin(SRIF) -> hypothalamusÀÇ medial preoptic area¿¡¼­ ÇÕ¼ºµÇ¾î GH secretionÀ» ¾ïÁ¦, basal GH toneÀ¯Áö
cf. SRIF´Â ¸¹Àº extrahypothalamic tissue¿¡¼­ ¹ßÇö: CNS, GI system, pancreas -> hormone ºÐºñ¾ïÁ¦
**IGF-I : GHÀÇ peripheral target hormoneÀ¸·Î GH feedback inhibition, estrogenÀº GH À¯µµ, ÄÚƼ¼ÖÀº GH¾ïÁ¦
¨ç GHRHÀÇ 2 distinct surface receptors
i) GPCR : cAMP pathwayÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ½ÅÈ£Àü´Þ -> somatotrope cell proliferationÀÚ±Ø GHRH receptor mutationÀº dwarfismÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´
ii) GHRP(GH-releasing peptide) receptor : hypothalamus & pituitary¿¡¼­ ¹ßÇö, ghrelinÀ̶õ natural ligand(stomach¿¡ dzºÎ)°¡ °áÇÕÇϴµ¥ physiologic roleÀº ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù.
¨è somatostatinÀÇ 5 distinct receptor subtypes SSTR1 - SSTR5
SSTR2 & SSTR5°¡ GH & TSH secretionÀ» ÁÖ·Î ¾ïÁ¦ GH´Â ¹Úµ¿¼ºÀ¸·Î ºÐºñµÇ´Âµ¥ ÁÖ·Î ¹ã¿¡, ¼ö¸éÁß¿¡ ÀϾ´Ù. ³ªÀÌ°¡ µé¸é¼­ ºÐºñ°¡ °¨¼ÒÇϸç Á߳⿡ GH »ý¼ºÀº »çÃá±â¶§ÀÇ 15%¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù. ºñ¸¸È¯ÀÚ¿¡¼­µµ ºÐºñ°¡ °¨¼ÒÇϴµ¥ feedback controlÀÇ setpoint°¡ º¯È­µÈ ¶§¹®À¸·Î »ý°¢µÈ´Ù.
* GH levelÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì : deep sleep, fasting- vigorous exercise, physical stress, trauma, sepsis, ¿©¼º(ƯÈ÷, estrogen replacement¸¦ ¹Þ°í ÀÖÀ» ¶§), natural factors
***natural factors i) high-protein meal(L-arginine) ii) dopamine(L-dopa) & apomorphine(dopamine-receptor agonist : GHRHÀÚ±Ø ±âÀü) iii) ¥á-adrenergic pathway iv) ¥â-blocker(propranolol*somatostatin ¾ïÁ¦±âÀüÀ¸·Î.*CRH-À¯¹ß¼º cortisolºÐºñ ÃËÁøÇϱ⵵ ÇÔ) : basal GH¡è GHRH- & insulin-evoked GH release¡è


3. ÀÛ¿ë
*GH secretion male = pulsatile, female = continuous secretion -> linear growth & liver enzyme inductionÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû °áÁ¤ÀÎÀÚ
*GH -> GH receptor(cytokine receptor)¿¡ °áÇÕ -> JAK/STAT family¿Í »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ë -> ÇÙÀ¸·Î À̵¿ÇÏ¿© GH-regulated target gene expression
*GH potent antagonist°¡ acromegaly & diabetic microangiopathyÄ¡·á¿¡ »ç¿ëÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¿¬±¸ÁßÀÌ´Ù.
*±âŸ GHÀÛ¿ë : protein synthesis, nitrogen retention, glucose intolerance, lipolysis(circulating fatty acid¡è, ometal fat mass¡é, lean body mass¡è) sodium, potassium, water retention, inorganic phosphate¡è epiphyseal prechondrocyte differentiation¡è


4. Insulin-like growth factors
GHÀÌ target tissue¿¡ direct effect¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»±âµµ ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸¹Àº physiologic effect´Â IGF-IÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© °£Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù.
1) IGF-I : a potent growth & differentiation factor
*circulating IGF-IÀÇ major source = liver, GHÀÇ ¹Úµ¿¼º ºÐºñ¿¡ µû¶ó ºÐºñ¾çÀÌ Á¶ÀýµÊ, IGF-1Àº INS°ú ´ë»ç¸é¿¡¼­´Â ±æÇ×ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇϹǷÎ(IGF-1»ó½Â-->INS°¨¼Ò, INS»ó½Â-->IGF-1°¨¼Ò À¯¹ßµÊ), Á¤»óÀÎÀÇ ´ç³»¼º±ÕÇü À¯Áö¿¡ Áß¿äÇϸç, µ¿½Ã¿¡ apoptosis-¼¼Æ÷ºÐ¿­/Áõ½Ä »çÀÌÀÇ ±ÕÇü À¯Áö¿¡ Áß¿ä. IGF-1ÀÌ °ú´ÙÇÏ°Ô »ó½Â½Ã´Â ¼¼Æ÷ºÐ¿­-Áõ½ÄÀÌ È°¹ßÇØÁö°í apoptosis°¡ ¾ïÁ¦µÇ¾î¼­ À¯¹æ¾Ï/Àü¸³¼±¾Ï µîÀÌ Àß ¹ß»ýÇÔ. ½ÇÁ¦·Î 1-95 IGFBP3 fragment´Â IGF-1°ú ¹«°üÇÏ°Ô ¾Ï¼¼Æ÷Áõ½Ä¾ïÁ¦ ¿ªÇÒÀ» °¡Áö¸ç intact IGFBP3(1-264·Î ±¸¼º) ¹× 1-160 fragmentÀÇ ¼öÄ¡ »ó½ÂÀº ¾ÏÀ¯¹ß°ú °ü°èµÊ, ÇÑÆí Àü¸³¼±¾Ï¼¼Æ÷´Â PSA¸¦ ÅëÇØ IGFBP3¸¦ Æı«ÇÏ°í, À¯¹æ¾Ï¼¼Æ÷´Â IGFBP1, IGFBP2¼öÄ¡¸¦ ¶³¾î¶ß·Á¼­ free IGF-1 ¼öÄ¡¸¦ »ó½Â½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á ¾Ï¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ apoptosis¸¦ ¸·°í ¼¼Æ÷ºÐ¿­-Áõ½ÄÀ» ÃËÁø½ÃŲ´Ù.
*peripheral tissue IGF-IÀº GH¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ ¹× ºñÀÇÁ¸ÀûÀ¸·Î local paracrine actionÀ» º¸ÀδÙ. µû¶ó¼­ GH¸¦ Åõ¿©ÇÏ¸é ¸¹Àº Á¶Á÷¿¡¼­ IGF-I expressionÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó circulating IGF-I levelÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÑ´Ù. IGF-I & II µÑ´Ù IGF bioactivity¸¦ Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â ¿©¼¸ °³ÀÇ high-affinity circulating IGF-binding proteins(IGFBPs)Áß Çϳª¿¡ °áÇÕÇÑ´Ù. IGFBPsÁß¿¡¼­ IGFBP3´Â GH ÀÇÁ¸ÀûÀ¸·Î °£³»¿¡¼­ »ý»êµÇ¸ç ¾à80%ÀÇ circulating IGF-I¿¡ ´ëÇÑ major carrier proteinÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇϴµ¥ 1:1 ºñÀ²·Î °áÇÕÇÑ´Ù. GH deficiency & malnutrition¶§´Â IGFBP3 levelÀÌ ³·´Ù.  IGFBP1 & 2´Â local tissue IGF-1 actionÀ» Á¶ÀýÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ´«¿¡ ¶é Á¤µµÀÇ circulating IGF-IÀÌ °áÇÕÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ IGFBP-1Àº IGF-1°ú °áÇÕÇÏ¿© IGF-1À» ºÒ¿ë¼º°áÇÕÇüÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé°Ô µÇ¹Ç·Î IGFBP-1ÀÌ °ú´Ù¹ßÇöµÇ¸é IRÀÌ À¯¹ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. IGFBP-1Àº À½½Ä¼·Ãë¿¡ ¸Å¿ì ¿¹¹ÎÇÏ°Ô ¹ÝÀÀÇϸç, ÄÚƼ¼Ö, ±Û·çÄ«°ï,cAMP¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý»êÀڱصǸç Àν¶¸°Àº °£°ú Àڱÿ¡¼­ÀÇ IGFBP-1¹ßÇöÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù.***serum IGF-I ³óµµ´Â °ÅÀÇ 98%°¡ ¿©¼¸°³ÀÇ IGFBPs¿¡ °áÇÕÇØ ÀÖ´Â »óÅÂÀ̸ç, IGF-1/IGFBPs °áÇÕü´Â °£³»¿¡¼­ GHÀÚ±ØÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ IGF-1»ý»êÀ» °è¼Ó ÃËÁø½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á Àå°ñ°ú ±ÙÀ°ÀÇ ¼ºÀå¿¡ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ±â´ÉÀ» ´ã´çÇÑ´Ù. IGF-1³óµµ´Â ¿©·¯ °¡Áö »ý¸®ÇÐÀû ÀÎÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Å©°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. »çÃá±â¶§ Áõ°¡ ÇÏ¿© 16¼¼¶§ peak¸¦ ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù°¡ ±×Èķδ Á¡Â÷ °¨¼ÒÇÏ¿© ³ªÀÌ°¡ µé¸é¼­ 80%ÀÌ»ó °¨¼Ò ÇÑ´Ù. ³²ÀÚº¸´Ù´Â ¿©ÀÚ¿¡¼­ ´õ ³ô´Ù. GHÀÌ hepatic IGF-I synthesisÀÇ major determinant À̹ǷΠGHÇÕ¼º°ú ÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ÀÌ»ó(¿¹, pituitary failure, GHRH receptor defect, or GH receptor defect)ÀÌ »ý±â¸é IGF-I levelÀÌ °¨¼ÒÇÑ´Ù. hypocaloric state´Â GH resistance¿Í °ü·ÃÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î cachexia, malnutrition, and sepsis¶§´Â IGF-I levelÀÌ ³·´Ù.
2) IGF-I physiology
*high doses of injected IGF-I(100 ug/kg)ÇßÀ» ¶§ ÀÏÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î´Â insulin receptor¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÀÛ¿ëÇϹǷΠhypoglycemia¸¦ À¯¹ßÇÑ´Ù. low IGF-I dose´Â severe insulin resistance & diabetes¸¦ °¡Áø ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­ insulin sensitivity¸¦ È£Àü½ÃŲ´Ù. (=IGF-1 bioavailability »ó½Â½Ã, Áï free IGF-1ÀÇ »ó½Â, ¶Ç´Â Àϸí Growth Factor Ratio= IGF-1/IGFBP3 or IGF-1/IGFBP1ÀÇ »ó½Â½Ã IRÈ£ÀüµÊ, ÀÌ´Â DHEA Åõ¿©·Î ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °á°úÀÓ), °£³» IGF-1À¯ÀüÀÚ°¡ ºÒÈ°¼ºµÇ¸é °íÀν¶¸°Ç÷Áõ ¹× IRÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù. Á¤»óÀο¡¼­´Â Àν¶¸°ÀÌ ÀÏ´Ü »ó½ÂÇϸé À̾ GHµµ µ¿¹Ý»ó½ÂµÊÀ¸·Î½á INS¾çÀ» Á¶ÀýÇϸç, IGF-1»ó½Â½Ã´Â NFB ±âÀüÀ¸·Î GH¸¦ ¶³¾î¶ß¸², ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸¸¼º°íÀν¶¸°Ç÷Áõ¿¡¼­´Â GH´Â °¨¼ÒÇÏÁö¸¸, IGF-1Àº °ÅÀÇ Á¤»ó ¼öÄ¡¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϴ Ư¡À» º¸ÀδÙ.
*cachexicÇÑ È¯ÀÚ¿¡¼­ insulin infusion(12 ug/kg/hr)ÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ nitrogen retentionÀ» Áõ°¡ ½ÃÅ°°í cholesterol levelÀ» ³·Ãá´Ù. long-term subcutaneous IGF-I injection½Ã marked anabolic effect¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»¾î protein synthesis¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃŲ´Ù.
*bone mineral content¿¡ ³¢Ä¡´Â IGF-I Àå±âÅõ¿©ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀº ºÐ¸íÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ºñ·Ï bone formation marker°¡ À¯µµµÇÁö¸¸ IGF-I¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ bone turnover ¶ÇÇÑ ÀڱصȴÙ. IGF-IÀÇ ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀº dose-dependentÇѵ¥ acute overdose´Â hypoglycemia & hypotensionÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù. fluid retention, temporomandiular jaw pain, and IICP´Â °¡¿ªÀûÀÌ´Ù.
*femoral headÀÇ avascular necrosis°¡ º¸°íµÈ ¹Ù ÀÖ´Ù. chronic excess IGF-IÀº acromegaly¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÑ´Ù.


5. Growth & developmental disorders
1) skeletal maturation & somatic growth
linear bone growth´Â epiphyseal & diaphyseal boneÀÌ ossify & fusionµÉ ¶§ ÁߴܵȴÙ.
growth plate´Â ¿©·¯ °¡Áö È£¸£¸óÀÇ ÀÚ±ØÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. : GH, IGF-I, sex steroids, thyroid hormones, paracrine growth factors & cytokines
GH´Â prechondrocyte differentiation & clonal expansionÀ» Á÷Á¢ ÀÚ±ØÇÏ¿© IGF-I receptor & IGF-I proteinÀ» ¹ßÇöÇÏ´Â chondrocyte°¡ µÇ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù.
growth-promoting process¿¡´Â caloric energy, amino acids, vit, trace minerals µîÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç normal energy productionÀÇ 10%¸¦ ¼ÒºñÇÑ´Ù.
malnutritionÀº chondrocyte activity¸¦ ¹æÇØÇÏ¿© circulating IGF-I & IGFBP3 levelÀ» °¨¼Ò ½ÃŲ´Ù.
¨ç bone age
i) true GH deficiency or GH receptor defect½Ã delayµÈ´Ù.
ii) thyroid hormoneµµ normal circulating IGF-I & binding protein levelsÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ°í, GH ÇÕ¼º ¹× ºÐºñ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î permissive. thyroid hormone °áÇ̽ÿ£ bone age delay
iii) pubertal sex steroid(ƯÈ÷ estrogen) -> GHRH-GH-IGF-I axis ÀÚ±Ø & epiphyseal growth¸¦ Á÷Á¢ ÀÚ±Ø
°í¿ë·®ÀÇ estrogen => epiphyseal closure¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å´
estrogen receptor ¥á mutation => epiphyseal closure ¹æÁö ÀÌ´Â estrogenÀÌ bone maturation pathway¿¡¼­ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÔÀ» ÀǹÌ
sex steroid levelÀÇ Áõ°¡(precocious puberty), androgen exposure(exogenous or endogenous), congenital adrenal hyperplasia & obesity => bone maturationÃËÁø
iv) glucocorticoid
sex steroid¿Í´Â ¹Ý´ë·Î glucocorticoid´Â linear growth ¾ïÁ¦. ¶ÇÇÑ SRIF ÀÚ±Ø & peripheral GH & IGF-I receptor signaling¾ïÁ¦
¨è short stature Tab 328-9 ¿øÀÎ ¹× Áø´Ü
i) intrauterine growth retardation
¿øÀÎ: specific congenital anomaly(¿¹, IGF-I deficiency) Russel-Silver syndrome, chromosomal disomy or maternal factor(DM, infections, hypoxia, drug addiction, or placental dysfunction)
ii) Turner syndrome : short stature, gonadal dysgenesis GH & anabolic steroid(oxandrolone)·Î short stature´Â ÁÁ¾ÆÁú¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. sexual development¸¦ À§Çؼ­´Â estrogenÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
iii) Noonan syndrome: ¸ð¾çÀº Turner syndrome°ú À¯»çÇϳª sex chromosomeÀº Á¤»ó ÀÌ´Ù. delayed pubertal development´Â ÀÖÁö¸¸ primary gonadal failure´Â ¾ø´Ù.
2) GH deficiency in children
¨ç GH deficiency
short stature, micropenis, fat¡è, high-pitched voice, hypoglycemia 1/3¿¡¼­ familial inheritance(AD, AR, X-linked) = multiple genetic abnormality
idiopathic GH deficiency(IGHD)·Î Áø´ÜÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ¾Ë·ÁÁø molecular defect¹èÁ¦ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
¨è GHRH receptor mutation
¨é GH insensitivity
Laron syndrome: partial or complete GH insensitivity + growth failure GH normal or ¡è circulating GHBP¡é IGF-I level¡é
¨ê nutritional short stature
malnutrition, uncontrolled DM, CRF -> proinflammatory cytokineÀÚ±Ø(TNF & ILs) -> GH-mediated signal transduction block : GH¡è, IGF-I level¡é
¨ë psychosocial short stature
3) ¹ßÇö ¹× Áø´Ü  : 3SDÀÌ»ó ÀÛÀ»¶§ evaluation
4) Lab
GH secretionÀº pulsatileÇϹǷΠprovocation test·Î °Ë»çÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. random GHÃøÁ¤Àº Á¤»ó°ú true deficiency¸¦ ±¸º°ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. provocation testÀü¿¡ adrenal & thyroid hormoneÀ» replacementÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. exercise, insulin-induced hypoglycemia ȤÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¾à¹°·Î½á provocationÇÏ¿© Á¤»ó ¾î¸°ÀÌ ¿¡¼­ GHÀº >7 ug/LÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡µÈ´Ù.
IGF-I levelÀº Áø´Ü¿¡ ¹Î°¨ÇÏÁöµµ, ƯÀÌÀûÀÌÁöµµ ¾ÊÁö¸¸ GH deficiency¸¦ È®ÀÎÇϴµ¥ µµ¿òÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
5) Ä¡·á
recombinant GH(0.02 - 0.05 mg/kg/d SC) -> GH-deficient children¿¡¼­ growth velocityȸº¹(¡­10 cm/yr±îÁö)
6. Adult GH deficiency(AGHD)
ÈçÈ÷ hypothalamic or pituitary somatotrope damage°¡ ¿øÀÎ


##pituitary hormone deficiencyÀÇ ¼ø¼­ : GH -> FSH/LH -> TSH -> ACTH
1) ¹ßÇö ¹× Áø´Ü Tab 328-10
body composition change : body fat mass¡è, lean body mass¡é hyperlipidemia, LV dysfunction, hypertension, plasma fibrinogen level¡è cardiovascular mortality¡è(3¹è)
2) Lab
´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº predisposing factor°¡ Àִ ȯÀÚ¿¡°Ô¼­ Á¦ÇÑÀûÀ¸·Î test¸¦ ½ÃÇàÇÑ´Ù.
i) pituitary surgery
ii) pituitary or hypothalamic tumor or granuloma
iii) cranial irradiation
iv) radiologic evidence of a pituitary lesion
v) GH replacement tx°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¾î¸°ÀÌ
vi) unexplained low age-and sex-matched IGF-I level
* standard provocative test(=insulin-induced hypoglycemia test)¿¡ ´ëÇØ subnormal GH response(<3 ug/dL)¸¦ º¸ÀÏ ¶§ Áø´ÜÇÑ´Ù. Á¤»ó: >5 ug/L
pituitary damage, obesity, untreated hypothyroidism, depression or CRF¶§µµ ºñÁ¤»ó ¹ÝÀÀÀ» º¸Àϼö ÀÖ´Ù.
* insulin tolerance test´Â ¾ÈÀüÇÏÁö¸¸ ÁÖÀÇÇؼ­ ȯÀÚ¸¦ °üÂûÇϸ鼭 °Ë»ç¸¦ ½ÃÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ±Ý±âÀÌ´Ù.
i) diabestes
ii) ischemic heart disease
iii) cardiovascular disease
iv) epilepsy
v) elderly patient
* alternative stimulating test
L-dopa(500mg PO), IV arginine(30g), GHRH(1ug/kg), GHRP-6(90ug)
3) Ä¡·á Tab 328-8
¨ç ÀÏ´Ü Áø´ÜµÇ¸é GH replacementÇϴµ¥ Ä¡·áÀÇ ±Ý±â´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
i) active neoplasm
ii) intracranial hypertension
iii) uncontrolled diabetes & retinopathy
¨è ¿ë·®: 0.15-0.3 mg/d·Î ½ÃÀÛÇؼ­ Á¶Àý(ÃÖ´ë 1.25 mg/d) -> IGF-I levelÀ» mid-normal range·Î À¯Áö ¿©¼º¿¡¼± ¿ë·®À» ¿Ã¸®°í, ³ëÀο¡¼­´Â ¿ë·®À» ÁÙÀδÙ.
¨é Ä¡·áÈ¿°ú: body composition change(lean body mass¡è, fat¡é), HDL¡è T-CHO, insulin levelÀº º¯È­¾ø´Ù.
¨ê ºÎÀÛ¿ë
30%¿¡¼­ dose-related fluid retention, joint pain, carpal tunnel syndrome°æÇè
40%´Â myalgia, paresthesia
ÇöÀç±îÁö potential side effects´Â º¸°íµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.


7. Acromegaly
1) ¿øÀÎ Tab 328-11
mc = somatotrope adenoma
GH + PRL : acidophilic stem-cell adenoma
GHRH-mediated acromegalyÀÇ mc cause = chest or abdominal carcinoid tumor
2) ¹ßÇö ¹× Áø´Ü
GH & IGF-I hypersecretion
¼­¼­È÷ ÁøÇàÇϹǷΠ10³âÀÌ»ó ÀÓ»óÀûÀ¸·Î Áø´ÜµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
soft tissue swelling -> heel pad thickness
generalized visceromegaly : cardiomegaly, macroglossia, thyroid gland enlargment
ÀÓ»óÀûÀ¸·Î °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â cardiovascular system(30%) : coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy with arrhythmia, LVH, diastolic dysfunction, hypertension upper airway obstruction with sleep apnea(60%) DM(25%), ´ëºÎºÐ glucose intolerance colon polyp(1/3) & colonic malignancy risk¡è overall mortality : 3¹è¡è ¡ñ cardiovascular & cerebrovascular disorder, malignancy & respiratory disease·Î ÀÎÇÔ GH levelÀ» control¸øÇÏ¸é ¼ö¸íÀº 10³â Á¤µµ °¨¼ÒÇÑ´Ù.
3) Lab
i) Glucose-induced GH suppression test(= glucose tolerance test)
Á¤»ó¿¡¼­ 75g loadÇϸé 1-2½Ã°£³» GH < 1ug/L acromegaly¿¡¼± ÀÌ·± Á¤»óÀû ¾ïÁ¦°¡ º¸ÀÌÁö ¾ÊÀ½ ¡­20%´Â paradoxical GH rise
ii) TRHÅõ¿©½Ã paradoxical response(60%)
iii) PRL¡è(¡­25%)
iv) thyroid fx, gonadotropin, sex steroid¡é(¡ñ tumor mass effect)
<14ÆÇ> 1,25(OH)2 vit D levelÁõ°¡·Î hypercalciuria´Â ÈçÇÏ´Ù. hypercalcemia°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ÀÌ´Â acromegaly¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó MEN 1 syndromeÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.
4) Ä¡·á Fig 328-10
surgical resection - initial tx
somatostatin analogue - adjuvant tx
irradiation : late hypopituitarism risk¡è & slow rate of biochemical response(5-15yr)
¨ç surgery : transsphenoidal approach
cure = microadenoma(¡­70%), macroadenoma(<50%)
¼ö¼úÈÄ soft tissue swellingÀº Áï½Ã ÁÁ¾ÆÁö¸ç GH levelÀº 1½Ã°£³» Á¤»óÈ­µÇ°í IGF-I level Àº 3-4Àϳ» Á¤»óÈ­µÈ´Ù. ¡­10%´Â ¼ö³âÈÄ Àç¹ßÇϸç hypopituitarismÀÌ 15%¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù.
<Âü°í> ¼ö¼úÈÄ Àç¹ßÀ» ¿¹ÃøÇÏ´Â °¡Àå ÁÁÀº ¹æ¹ý(14ÆÇ)
= TRH stimulation test
Ä¡·áÈÄ GH°¨¼Ò¿Í ÀÓ»óÁõ»óÀÇ È£ÀüÀº ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. Ä¡·á°¡ ¼º°øÀûÀÏ °æ¿ì soft tissue swellingÀº Áï½Ã ÁÁ¾ÆÁö³ª °ñ°Ý°è º¯È­´Â ÁÁ¾ÆÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
¨è somatostatin analogues : octreotide acetate, lanreotide
SSTR2 & 5 receptor¿¡ ÀÛ¿ë 50 ug tid SC(ÃÖ´ë 1500 ug/d) <10%´Â ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ¾øÀ½
GH <5ug/L·Î ¾ïÁ¦(¡­70%) <2 ug/L·Î ¾ïÁ¦(60%)
IGF-I Á¤»óÈ­(¡­75%)
10³âÀÌ»ó Àå±â»ç¿ëÇÏ¿©µµ desensitizationÀÌ »ý±âÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
headache & soft tissue swellingÀº ¼öÀÏ-¼öÁÖ³»¿¡ »¡¸® ÁÁ¾ÆÁø´Ù(¡­75%).
biochemical remissionº¸´Ù´Â ÁÖ°üÀûÀÎ Áõ»ó È£ÀüÀÌ ´õ ¸¹Àºµ¥, headache, perspiration, obstructive apnea, cardiac failure°¡ È£ÀüµÈ´Ù.
modest tumor size reduction(40%) -> ±×·¯³ª Ä¡·áÁß´ÜÈÄ ´Ù½Ã reverse
* S/E : well tolerated
GB contractility°¨¼Ò·Î ÀÎÇÑ GB sludge & asymptomatic cholesterol gallstones (¡­30%)
¨é dopamine agonist(bromocriptine)
high dose(¡Ã20 mg/d) #3-4
GH <5 ug/d(¡­20%)
IGF-I Á¤»óÈ­(10%)
octreotide¿Í º´Çսà ´Üµ¶º¸´Ù additive biochemical control
¨ê GH antagonist: ¿¬±¸Áß
¨ë radiation

´ÙÀ½±Û : DHEA letter
ÀÌÀü±Û : ¿©¼º ¹è´¢Àå¾Ö-ºó´¢, Àü¸³¼±Àå¾Ö